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Pediatrics is a specialized branch of medicine that studies the psycho-motor development and normal physiological of the child, and the whole disease which is related (childhood diseases), the rise in the postpubertal period when it becomes adult  c is the treatment of children, the child is defined in law as any subject under the age of 18 years (Article 1 st of the Convention on the Rights of the Child ). The doctor who specializes in pediatrics called the pediatrician . Pediatrics is different spa covers from the general medicine as corporate clothing directed especially to a developing organism and permanent transformation. On early diagnosis is here more than anywhere else, vital to the future health of the child and determining the prognosis. The neonatology is the part of pediatrics that deals with the newborn . It is the cooperation between the pediatrician and the obstetrician that can prevent birth fetal and treat disease at birth. Summary  car transport [ hide ] A history of pediatrics vps hosting in France 2 Pediatrics is performed by a specialist 2.1 Role of the general pediatrician 3 The pediatric sub-specialists 4 The non-conventional medicine in pediatrics 5 Pediatrics internationally 6 Pediatrics in the world 6.1 In Europe 6.1.1 In France 6.2 In Africa 6.3 In Asia 6.3.1 In China 7 Precursors famous pediatricians or 8 Curiosities 9 Notes and references 10 See also 10.1 Related 10.2 External Links 10.3 References History of Pediatrics in France

Until the Enlightenment , and the specific person Denver Divorce Lawyer of the child are virtually ignored. Even the great philosophers are not interested in the child. Only St. Augustine recounts her childhood [ref. needed] . The child is a miniature adult survival precarious. From the xviii th  century, the child will gradually be seen to be a growth and maturation of somatic and psychic, as well as a matter of education and learning require early intervention. However, the newborn will be long regarded as a mere “gut” to be a reflex, without any authority, devoid of feelings and sensations, a nuanced account only when this becomes rampant and be walking. In addition, the high infant mortality is regarded as inevitable usually almost normal and the infanticide of malformed and the eugenics have long citizenship [ref. needed] . In fact, few doctors are interested in medicine of the child before the two world wars of the xx th  century, even if it can, however, mention some precursor as Nils Rosén von Rosenstein in Sweden at Discount Judaica products the xviii th  century, and much later Armand Trousseau and Antoine Marfan in France at the beginning of xx th  century. Concerns, care and discoveries in this area are, in fact, following the recent slow and gradual emergence of pediatrics as a result of the slaughter of two world wars (need to replace the sacrificed generations) , revolutions Pasteur and Freud, the hospitalism and the birth of obstetrics . e cigarette The xix th  century, however, is the pivotal time in hospitalization of children and promotion of preventive and social. around 1620 – Peter the Elder Chamberlen invented the forceps 1800 – Jean-Louis Baudelocque and others, like Professor Joseph Recamier its true precursor, is involved in the creation of modern obstetrics. He founded in Paris a maternity and a school of midwifery , which still bear his name. A little later, Abraham Jacobi 1 opened the first clinic for children in the U.S. 1872 – Creation of “Pediatrics 2  » 1874 – Act of December 23, 1874, known as the Roussel (surveillance of children in nanny , organization of district health officials of the children who live and compilation of statistics on the population at risk) 1875 – Madeleine Brès martial arts denver can be considered the first French pediatrician 3 1877 – Rest of the pregnant woman 1878 – The teaching of pediatrics is formalized in France 1891 – Lumbar Puncture 1892 – First consultation locksmith for infants in France, under the engagement rings supervision of Pierre Budin 1894 – The hospital-based clinic in Belleville Variot Gaston becomes the Drop of Milk (Benefits of infant feeding strictly controlled) 1895 electric cigarette – X-ray 1896 – The mayor of Paris set up a commission to study the feeding milk . Variot Gaston 4 , Paul Strauss and Pierre Budin five founded the League against infant mortality 1901 – Discovery of blood groups 1906 – The skin test ( Pirquet test ) discovered by the Austrian pediatrician Clemens von Pirquet 1907 – Appearance of the word pediatrician ( Larousse ) 1911 – Creation of the Institute of childcare in Paris which includes not only training for doctors “child minders” (qualifier at the time) but also a “school of mothers’ and graduate conference for the general public 1917-1920 – Creation of school childcare in the Faculty of Medicine of Paris , and the degree of visiting maternal and child health, future pediatric nurse with a degree of state will be established by decree 13 August 1947 1935 – Decree-Law of 30 October 1935, known as the Strauss 6 for the protection of children under 3 years . It also sets up the casino backlog growth that every child shall be provided from birth 1945 – Order of November 2 (protection of children under 6 years , generalization of the health card issued at birth, required to create or develop antenatal or infant for all departments ). Professor Robert Debré created the first children’s ward, with nurses and care specific, distinct from the care of adults. This is the beginning of modern pediatric and maternal and child health (MCH) 1948 – Official definition of prematurity by the World Health Organisation (live birth with a gestation period of less than 37 weeks ). Preceded the work of Pierre Budin, it will, in practice, refined and later scientific discoveries 1950 – Birth of neonatal pediatrics, the first sub-specialty of pediatrics 1951-1962 – Reform of the PMI . A first decree n o  51-953 of 9 July 1951 about the vaccination by BCG says, “the role of the consultant and the elements of the review of the child to perform the role of the nursery and extends the services PMI to the entire population. ” Decree n o  62-840 of 19 July 1962 will complement these provisions and reform the PMI 1960-1970: Dolto brings psychoanalytic dimension to pediatrics. It was also at this time that assert or arise from many sub-specialties of pediatrics 1970 – Act of July 15, 1970, followed by the decree of August 27, 1971. Monitoring of newborns in maternity medical consultation required in the first week 1975 – The ultrasound fetal finally allows to observe the living fetus wedding ring in its amniotic bubble. Currently, different techniques of medical imaging complement these observations and with the advances in genetics, diagnostics allow more accurate and early There is an international society of History of Medicine (ISHM) , one of whom chairs the Canadian pediatrician of Broquerie Fortier (1976-1980) has invested heavily in the history of pediatrics 7 . Pediatrics is performed by a specialist

Apart interventions or mining australia extra margin of pediatrics, such as child psychologists or the child care staff in France, pediatrics is strictly a medical activity. If some general practitioners are competent in Pediatrics (a study of the National Council of the College of Physicians in 2004 (below) showed that there were approximately 1.3% of general practitioners with this competence [nonneutral] , specialization in pediatrics remains committed to quality pediatrician, that is to say to a physician specialist – 10 years of training, including four years of additional specialization after initial training. Role of the general pediatrician

Auscultation of an infant Apart from the pediatricians who specialize in a particular discipline, the general pediatrician is responsible for regular monitoring of child growth and its wake, as well as all procedures relating thereto: vaccinations , diets , testing and treatment of different pathologies. hcg diet plan His intervention covers auto insurance quotes the four main functions: prevention, screening, treatment and rehabilitation. Prevention becomes more and more prenatal since cambodia travel it is known to prevent obstetric complications due to blood incompatibilities. New techniques such as amniocentesis, which can analyze fetal cells have paved the way for many advances in the prevention Prenatal detection of chromosomal abnormalities, for example. Besides custom t shirts the considerable advances in genetics. The focus is on food hygiene, vaccinations , parent education, including the risk of accidents (number of ingestions) of sudden infant death , overwork school or on the contrary, the psychogenic adynamia of adolescents (low activity), etc.. Screening for metabolic disorders such as phenylketonuria (or hyperalaninémie), the HPA and the hypothyroidism Congenital begins at birth. The value of early detection of these diseases at birth is that they can be treated effectively by either the regime or by the provision of drugs and avoid any encephalopathy which would become final. It Containers is also believed to screening for anatomical abnormalities such as dislocation, congenital hip, sensory abnormalities such as strabismus or deaf , or the detection of autism . Then, it is in schools where the child spends most of his time should be done this screening (the role of school doctors). Many screening techniques exist: sweat test for cystic fibrosis Chicago Criminal Lawyer , the Guthrie test for phenylketonuria, etc.. Pediatric treatment has made much progress. It arises mainly the free ipad problem of choosing the place of treatment. Hospitalization is not always necessary but may be necessary if the care and custody of the child can only be achieved at home. Ambulatory Pediatrics sometimes offers a satisfactory solution. The rehabilitation (or rehabilitation ) of the legacy of an abnormality has been treated in the acute stage is an important part of pediatrics. One thinks, for example, childhood San Diego Homes For Rent diabetes, etc.. The pediatrician must have listening skills, patience and observation with children sometimes fearful, reluctant or too young to speak, and a good relationship with parents whose testimony is essential (especially for children under 2 years) and can, in turn, reassure and advise (in health, nutrition, hygiene, but also education, or psychology). Marginally, some pediatricians generally challenging the role of a pediatrician turned to more diseases than to the health of the child 8 . The pediatric sub-specialists

The pediatrician neonatal shall, chiropractic marketing in consultation with the team of obstetricians and maternity, medical care of the newborn from the room of confinement until his return home. It performs systematic reviews aimed at ensuring the good health of it. This exercise requires a high availability and specific expertise in neonatal medicine, because of the vital emergency situations commonly encountered in this context. Other specialized pediatricians (specialists or directed solely to pediatrics) as pediatricians, rheumatologists, cardiologists, surgeons, neurologists (neurologists), nephrologists, endocrinologists, dermatologists, nutritionists, hematologists, pulmonologists, and psychiatrists , etc..

This section is empty, insufficiently detailed or incomplete. Your help is welcome! The non-conventional medicine in pediatrics

The use of unconventional medicine in pediatrics are also: The holistic medicines , such as the treatment of children with disorder of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 9 , or in the case of homeopathic remedies for the treatment of asthma in children 10 or so-called natural remedies to treat children in general 11 , 12 . The osteopathy . Note as well, with reserve, that a study of the association Academy of Osteopathy 13 , 46% of 270 000 infants in the age range from birth to 9 months born in France in 2005 would have received consultation with an osteopath. According to the study, the testimony of pediatric perinatal teams are especially evocative in the sense of the usefulness of the profession (osteopath), both in terms of comfort that health savings that result. However, the findings of international studies on this subject differ and conclude “that there is insufficient scientific evidence to recommend craniosacral therapy to patients, practitioners or third parties regardless of the clinical condition. ” 14 The traditional medicines . In particular the relationship between Chinese medicine and pediatrics ( infra ), and African practices, payday loan which sometimes carried in a supplementary or competitive, in some communities [ref. needed] . Pediatrics at the international level

The training of pediatricians is provided with a certain uniformity in many countries, including through education and practical training in urban teaching hospital recognized by a specialized diploma (DES)  , DES in France (supra), the Board Speciality of the Anglo-Saxon world. There is a European association for the teaching of pediatrics 15 . The UNICEF is coordinating assistance programs for children around the world. One of the emanations of the body in France was the center of international child and the family who was a national and international center of expertise and reference on issues relating to children and families in the health and office until his death in 1999. The problems of interdisciplinary connections are treated with such organizations, but are also often at the heart of international meetings, such as the International Symposium of perinatal health and 16 in Montreal in April 2005 the international conference “Child , prénatologie and society ” 17 in Moscow in May 2007, etc.. It was during one of these international events that addressing the participants of XXII th International Congress of Pediatrics meeting in Amsterdam August 10, 1998, after having urged the participants to be alert to the marketing aggressive breast milk substitutes that interferes with breastfeeding, the director of the WHO , Dr. Brundtland said: “As pediatricians, you are not only doctors who prescribe treatment. To you we turn for advice on growth and harmonious development of our children is in you we trust. This confidence that you play a particular role of community leader. You clearly hear your voice on behalf of children who have so much trouble to listen to them in too many countries. ” -  Press the WHO August 10, 1998 Pediatrics in the world

Next parts of the world, including pediatrics differs from its organization, practices, diseases and problems. In Europe  In France  Main article: Pediatrics in France . Africa [ change ]

Incubator in an African nursery Pediatrics is very unevenly developed in different regions: very westernized in the north ( North Africa in particular) and to the south, very erratic in the sub-Saharan Africa where it is the subject of special efforts by the international community because of two own special (nutritional and infectious) that, with the low obstetric care in rural areas (role of midwives) remain one of the causes of high infant mortality (One in four children dies before age 5 and in some areas is one in two children) [ref. needed] . This, plus cultural barriers, such as persistence and fatalism of African traditional medicine for children, especially the deadly tribal wars. At the nutritional level, there is indeed specific pathologies in this part of the African world: – The syndrome of malnutrition from protein-energy weaning , with the case said the “red children” and its two states engaged in life-threatening “the doldrums (extreme thinness, the atrophy of muscles , the skin flabby and wrinkled giving the child of one year a mask old ) and kwashiorkor (with edema of the body and face , the skin cracked, discolored, falling to pieces, the hair brown and brittle, an apathy and refusal to eat ). This is the source of programs diet supplemented with foods rich in local products and formulas of withdrawal that are produced on an industrial scale in several countries by agencies of the United Nations and, in particular, UNICEF. These products are distributed by PMI centers to children in nurseries, kindergartens, schools. One of the major obstacles to this policy results in family traditions, with the necessity (and difficulty) of educate mothers . – The anemia nutritional deficiencies due to simultaneous: deficiency of protein in iron and vitamins necessary for the maturation of red blood cells ( B12 and folic acid ). This type of anemia is often associated with anemia caused by parasites. – The diarrhea of flour, due to diet or high carbohydrate only (boiled millet , of rice , of manioc , etc. …). This condition can be amplified by a catastrophic microbial infection, viral or parasitic due in particular to the water pollution. It can lead to gastroenteritis with vomiting web hosting that exacerbate the loss of water and salts. Bankruptcy Or severe dehydration leads to toxicosis , which is an important part of infant mortality. Level of infection: There many digestive and respiratory infections, plus the major endemic tropical ( treponematosis endemic, measles, malaria ), tuberculosis , schistosomiasis (bladder or bowel) and leprosy . The development of effective drugs and programs vaccinations mass initiated by WHO and NGOs can control these diseases especially in rural areas where services PMI are inefficient. However, given the lack of hygiene and asepsis , parasitic infections are numerous, with a special place for to intestinal ( roundworms and hookworms ). The tetanus is also common for this reason: neonatal tetanus (often due to ligation of the cord through a link stained), tetanus of the child (from wounds, chronic ear infections, scarification ritual or a simple setting of a jewel). The lung is also supported by the nakedness of the child. Asia

Vaccination against polio in India China  Pediatrics in China (in Chinese 儿童 病房 Er Tonga bing fang): The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) continues despite best auto insurance the development of pediatric western techniques. Even in cna certification China the credibility of the medical history is sometimes called into question 18 but, while modern medicine is seen as a detail, traditional medicine considers the whole child, generally considered less aggressive by a majority of the population. Thus, the MTC is aware pediatrics. The Bins massage (or Tui na ) is a mainstay of pediatric practices. Among others, it is prescribed in the treatment of internal diseases in children and the sensory awareness of the child. The first month, the infant is well massaged to stimulate internal organs, as well ski accessories as its motor organs and neck. The pediatrician also knows the traditional treatment of major childhood diseases by the acupuncture , the moxa and the auriculotherapy and uses a pharmacopoeia special use minimalist, herbal, oils and various maceration. Note finally that the use of scorpions for the specific treatment of seizures / epilepsy in children is clearly documented in ancient Chinese literature (literature Fangshu dynasties of Song . For example, the Treaty of Pediatrics Weisheng Xiao Zong Wei Fang Mon on the formulas for health care of children).A child is to be human in its development period between the birth and puberty (including the newborn , the infant , the young child …). Child is also a description of that affiliation , family or symbolic. The child also included a condition enforceable against the state parent , and preliminary to the state adult . Summary  [ hide ] 1 Etymology 2 Biology 3 particular physiology of the newborn to the adolescent 3.1 Classification; stages of childhood 4 Psychology 4.1 Mind 4.2 Physical and psychological necessities 4.3 connotations in Psychology 5 Right 6 Childhood and Society 6.1 Work 6.2 Media 7 Popular Names 8 Notes and references 9 See also 9.1 Related 9.1.1 Justice & Children 9.1.2 Protection of children 9.1.3 Child abuse 9.1.4 Knowledge of the child 9.1.5 Education 9.1.6 Various 9.2 Bibliography Etymology

The word child comes from Latin infant ( in , private, and fari , to speak) and meant in Romans , “he who does not speak.” The concepts of childhood and the values ​​are related to have evolved from the ancient to the present day, as civilizations, social classes and Chrome Wire Shelving backgrounds and personalities of the parents. Note that the word infant was reintroduced by Lacan to designate “childhood before the word” the two concepts are now well separately. Biology

Children in an elementary school in Paris The term child refers to both an individual female or male. One child sex women can also be called girl , girl and girl , girl and girl or Miss male and a boy , or boy , then a boy ( son ) and a young man or Mr. adolescence. Breathing  : Because the newborn and young children have growing needs oxygen and elimination of CO 2 proportionally much larger than the adult, the child’s breathing is very different from that of adults by denver injury lawyer the mucous membranes of pulmonary fine and fragile, but more flexible, often with abundant secretions of mucus , mucociliary activity better, more effective cough and the sneeze easier or less controlled than in adults; capacity and frequency of inhalation proportionately much greater in young children (relative to body weight or volume); a respiratory rate (relative to body weight) larger; 3 times more than in adults for children 6 months to 4 years; 2 times more than in adults in children 5 years to 11 years. This means that the child is better equipped to breathe, but it is – for this reason – more exposed than adults (in the proportions indicated above) when he inhales the same air pollution, in other words: when adult will absorb a toxic gas or aerosol inhalation dose 1 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, a child 6 months to 4 years absorb 3, even though (see below) that its capabilities are detoxification often lower than in adults) 1 , 2 . Immunosensibilité  : The child does better than the adult age to many microbes, but his immune system must be formed. Sometimes it reacts excessively to certain microbes (see for example the storm cytokines , often fatal produced by the immune system of children against virus 1918 flu or H5N1 , where the elderly as it reacted against the flu normal) Particular physiology, from newborn to adolescents

From the point of view biological and physiological , the child generally refers to the young man before the age of reproduction , that is to say before he can in turn have children. During the childhood, several mechanisms, systems and major organs are still immature, which makes the young children and adolescents more vulnerable to toxic substances ( alcohol , tobacco , heavy metals , radionuclides …) 3 and that could make the child more some products may face cancer 4 , especially for the following reasons; The control mechanisms of homeostasis  , both in the barrier skin , as the gastrointestinal barrier, excretion, bile , as the blood-brain barrier (highly permeable to many toxic before 3 to 6 months ) does not start up only gradually. The skin and mucous membranes of the child are thinner and more permeable to products applied to them. In addition, body surface area based on the weight is much greater than in adults. These two phenomena contribute to a heightened vulnerability of children (especially since he is younger) to the toxic effects of certain substances (lead, mercury, pesticides, for example); Mechanisms kidney detoxification of the baby will fall a “normal” level of performance at the age of 3 to 6 months (Strolin Benedetti and Baltes, 2003). At birth, the rate of glomerular filtration rate is only 30% of what it is in adults. – In addition, after the loss of contributions umbilical , renal blood flow is reduced, and that, until at the age of 5 months. – The tubular secretion is itself reduced (up to age 6 years for certain secretions) 2 . Until the age of 2 months, the half-life of products normally excreted in the urine by the kidney is elongated (eliminating up to 3 times slower than in adults). An elimination rate comparable to that of the adult is acquired between 2 and 6 months after birth with even higher performance of the kidney between 6 months and 2 years. Then from 2 years, the rate of elimination is the same as in the kidney of an adult 5  ; detoxification by the liver (the other major organ of detoxification) is not mature either at birth. Some enzymes produced by the liver will normally be considered until the age of 2 years (If the maturation of CYP2D6 is in the first hours after birth, the enzyme CYP3A4 is acquired only after several tens hours and CYP1A2 in the first few months) The CYP2E1 metabolizes destroyed and some hydrophobic molecules (including VOCs and certain medications) toxicity in the liver but the liver of the fetus may not hold, and the newborn contains only 14% and a baby a year contains only 50% 6 . Some transferases are produced after a few days after birth. The immaturity of the detoxification system that some toxic xenobiotics have a longer half-life longer in neonates than in adults 5 , while the baby may also be more sensitive. This is especially true in the fetus 7 (this is also due to the immaturity of the kidney). The ability of the newborn to metabolize (and thus eliminate some toxic drugs) is undermined by lack of liver enzymes, and also because the body of the newborn must adapt to the loss of contributions (including from oxygen) he received from the umbilical cord . Especially the liver is deprived of part of the hepatic blood flow, the time that the flow of the portal vein is formed and the channel venosus closes, the first week of life 8 . The relative volume of organs varies greatly with age. The head is proportionately much larger in infants, and the brain is 10.8% by weight of a newborn while only account for 2% of the weight of the adult. the liver of the newborn is 37g/kg body weight, as against 25 g / kg) 2  ; Although the hematocrit is higher at birth, the rate of protein plasma increase from birth to age 12 months (where it is then comparable to that of adults), and red blood cells , lipids are lower blood in the newborn 2 . The metabolism of the child is very different from that of adults. For example, by weight, an infant absorbs a lot more lead (confused with the calcium in the body in training), of iodine radioactive (hence the thyroid cancer , particularly over-represented in serious Belarus and Ukrainian children after the Chernobyl disaster ). Other radionuclides 9 or toxic metals or organic are absorbed faster and in greater quantities by children than by adults ( manganese , for example 10 ); The endocrine disruptors may have feminizing effects compared much more significant and serious when the baby is male or adolescent at the time of puberty who are exposed to, because these two electronic cigarette moments, the testes must be active and must produce testosterone that is responsible for the continuation of normal sexual differentiation; The mechanism of reproduction, if physically, development and growth of the child remain more or less continuous, but not the only concern genitals respective are not yet mature, nor the physiological elements of sexual identity . In other words, boys and girls have a growth and development roughly comparable, in terms of shape , the size , the muscles , etc.. The distinction of development will occur primarily at puberty , a period of transition from this state child to adulthood, marked by the activation of the hormonal system involved in reproduction (mainly testosterone for men, the estrogen and progesterone for women). The secretion of these hormones will result in a peak including growth and allow maturation of the reproductive system , but also the development of hair, a change in vocal timbre, etc.. ; The child is happy fingers and objects in their mouths, risking more intoxicated (by eating contaminated soil, fungi, plants toxic lead paint chips ( PICA behavior ), etc.. In summer the transcutaneous contamination is also increased 2  ; Breastfeeding is a route of contamination (for lead by example, or for certain toxic than the mother would have inhaled 2 ) The water / fat varies widely from birth to adulthood and old age, before six months, the baby has more water and less fat. His fat for 6 months then increases and then decreases until puberty (except obese or overweight). For Cell Phone Accessories this reason, distribution and toxicokinetics of molecules lipophilic or hydrophilic varies considerably by age 2  ; The toxicokinetics also depends on the rate of perfusion of the organs. However, it varies greatly depending on the age and needs of each organ. For example, the brain not only is proportionally larger in the newborn, but it needs increased between 3 and 6 years 2 , so it is strongly infused. Toxics from the blood-brain barrier are more likely to then navigate to adulthood. perfusion of the liver is suddenly reduced in the days following birth (following the loss of the umbilical cord), but will be larger (proportionately) in children 6 years than in adults (an activity which compensates enzyme further reduced). Classification stages of childhood  These stages depend on the time, place and discipline which they are used. In Europe, there are generally: newborns (0-28 days) and infant (28 days to 2 years) and early childhood (2-6 years) and childhood itself from 6 to 13 years. In the U.S. , the term child applies to individuals from 3 years to 7 years, 8-13 years old are considered as pre-teens (this definition is sometimes used in Europe as well) [ref. needed] . The toxicologists distinguish 11 different stages, corresponding to sub-populations with different sensitivities to certain toxic or toxic (eg over the child is younger, the effects of lead poisoning are serious, ingested or inhaled dose equal). premature (before 37 weeks) 11 , infants at term (between 37 and 42 weeks of pregnancy) 11 , infants scrabble word finder (0 to 28 days) 11 , infants (29 days to 1 year) 11 , pre-school children (before age 6) 11 , school children 11 adolescents (12 to 18 years) (* ACUTEX, 2003) 11 . Psychology

Psyche  In psychology , we study the development of the psyche of the child. From Freud we identify the stages associated with the symbolism of infantile sexuality . These are in order: the oral stage , the anal stage , phallic stage, latency stage and genital stage. Main article: Metapsychology # Maturation of the psychic apparatus . Then many psychologists will change this setting first image of the drives and infantile theories of mental development of children. Include René Spitz has highlighted the need of the child relationship from an early age, or Donald Winnicott who in the course of Melanie Klein will be the first to propose a theory of mental development from birth. Another example is Dolto which among other publicized the existence of the child as a person (or subject) from birth. Main How to Unlock iPhone article: Psychoanalysis of Children . Physical and psychological needs  All children (like all humans) are answered a few basic needs physical and psychological and emotional basis for its development. Childhood and early childhood periods are deemed to be important for the formation of personality as an adult. This section is empty, insufficiently detailed or incomplete. Your help is welcome! Connotations in psychology  The word child is used in Transactional Analysis in the States of the Self . It means a relational mode of complementary parent mode and incompatible with the adult mode. Childhood is the autobiography of Nathalie Sarraute . Book written in the form of a dialogue between Nathalie Sarraute and double that ensures the authenticity of his story with his questions, his warnings. Law

For the law , a person who is not adult is called minor. In many countries, which is set to 18. In France , the law provides greater protection for minors. There are in this country a “  Judge of the children  “The juvenile court judge is responsible for the protection of minors and young adults up to age 21. The Pediatrics is the branch of medicine concerned with the health of children. Childhood and suits brisbane Society

Work  See detailed article Child Labor Media  Also this issue in section Pediatrics This section is empty, insufficiently detailed or incomplete. Your help is welcome! Popular names

offshoot STD Testing Petiot brat, brats kid kid toddler Mouflet brat kid flow (Quebec) p’tit (Quebec) chiard jong or Tiot (Picard) minot pitchoun (southern France) gone (lyon) funny (Occitan) bushel (Occitan de Marseille) ti-cul (Quebec) croet (potatoes) gone (Franco-Provençal) ket ( Belgium – Brussels ) timoun (Guadeloupean Creole) timanmay or tianmay (Creole from Martinique) son kid (American) Notes and engagement ring references

↑ HealthCanada (2008) – Assessing the risk to human health Inhaled Manganese – Draft. ↑ a , b , c , d , e , f , g and h ACUTEX (2003) – Methodology to Develop Acute Exposure Threshold Level in case of chemical release accidenteal: Workpackage 4 Sensitive subpopulations . Bundesinstitut Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). Berlin. ACUTEX stands of European Programme ACUTEX (Acute Exposure) ↑ G. Ginsberg, D. Hattis, R. Miller, and B. Sonawane Pediatric Pharmacokinetic Data: Implications for Environmental Risk Assessment for Children ( short  [ archive ] ) ↑ CP Wild and J. Kleinjans; Children and Susceptibility to Environmental Carcinogens INCREASED: Evidence or Empathy? CP Wild and J. Kleinjans Children and Susceptibility to Environmental Carcinogens INCREASED: Evidence or Empathy?  , Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2003, 12 (12): 1389-1394. ( Link to the study  [ archive ] ) ↑ a and b G. Ginsberg, D. Hattis, B. pay day loans Sonawane, A. Russ, P. Banati, M. Kozlak, Smolenski S. Goble Relevant Life Insurance and R. (2002) – Evaluation of child / adult pharmacokinetic differences from a database derived from the therapeutic drug literature . Toxicological Sciences, 66, 2, 185-200 ( Abstract and Full Text  [ archive ] ↑ I. Vieira, M. Sonnier and T. Cresteil (1996) – Developmental Expression of CYP2E1 in the human liver – hypermethylation control of gene expression DURING the Neonatal Period. European Journal of Biochemistry, 238, 2, 476-483 ( laser hair removal Abstract  [ archive ] ) ↑ Calabrese EJ (1986) – Sex Differences in Susceptibility to Toxic Chemicals-Industrial. British Journal of Industrial Medicine , 43, 9, 577-579 ↑ Gow PJ, Ghabrial H., Smallwood RA, Morgan DJ and Ching MS weight loss pills (2001) – Neonatal hepatic drug elimination. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 88, 1, 3-15 ↑ RB Richardson Factors That elevate the internal radionuclide and chemical retention, and Health Risks dose to infants and children in a radiological-nuclear emergency  ; Radiat Prot Dosimetry, June 1, 2009, 134 (3-4): 167-180. ( summary  [ archive ] ) ↑ HealthCanada (2008) Assessment of risk to human health Inhaled Manganese – Draft. ↑ a , b , c , d , e , f , g and h INERIS Report  [ archive ] See also

On the other Wikimedia projects: “Child” on Wikimedia Commons (multimedia resources) “Child,” on Wiktionary (dictionary Universal) “Child” on Wikiquote (collection of quotations) Related articles  Justice & Children  Convention on the Rights of the Child | Text of the Convention Ombudsman Child Advocate Children’s judge Protection of Children  UNICEF Youth Protection in France Maternal and child health Child Advocate OPEJ Child abuse  Child Abuse Abuse of a minor Child sexual abuse Child Labour Knowledge of the child  Child Development Innocence Rights of the Child (category) ~ Child Protection Intelligence Donald Winnicott Developmental Psychology Zone of proximal development Education  Educational Sciences Educational Psychology History of Education Popular education School | Home schooling Teaching Freedom of Education Economics of Education Miscellaneous  Pediatrics Child Labour Gifted List of children in history Premature baby Inner Child Wild Child Child Star Spoiled child Pro Juventute  , Swiss Foundation for Children’s Aid and Family Services. Children of war Child key